Ethics in health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethics in health - Essay Example The devastating impact of child maltreatment on individuals, families, and society at large is well documented in empirical and clinical studies (Gilbert, 1994). Many serious long-term effects have been linked to child maltreatment, including mental retardation, intellectual and intelligence handicaps, impaired aggressive impulse control, diminished ego competency, reduced reality testing, and poor interpersonal relationships. Child maltreatment results in increased antisocial activities. Maltreated aboriginal aboriginal children have more serious personal problems and engage in more antisocial activities and violence toward themselves and others (Hutchinson, Dattalo and Rodwell, 1994). When older, they end up in juvenile and adult correctional facilities at higher rates than aboriginal children from the general population. It is evident that child abuse and neglect is a problem that affects not only the individuals and families directly involved, but all sectors of society. Therefore, in order to deal with this problem, it is necessary for all professionals from all aspects of human ecology (individual, family, community, society, world) to become involved. Aboriginal children throughout the world suffer an array of threats to their development, well-being, and survival (Lindsey, 1994). They suffer from poverty, famine, disease, and war. They suffer as they navigate the child-rearing practices and rites of their diverse cultures. And, they suffer from acts of omission or commission by their individual parents and caretakers. Parental behavior that compromises the development and survival of their offspring seems to contradict the biological and cultural dictates of rearing the next generation (Pecora et al, 1995). This enigma of human behavior demands consideration from a wider range of human cultural adaptation than that afforded by Western societies alone. This chapter will consider definitional issues that have been an impediment to cross-cultural research on child maltreatment. It will then turn to a review of current knowledge concerning categories of aboriginal children vulnerable to abuse, the relationship of kinship and social networks to child maltreatment, and the impact of urbanization and social change. Child abuse is defined as any action (or lack of) which endangers or impairs a child's physical, psychological or emotional health and development. There are many factors that constitute child abuse (Pelton, 1989): Physical Abuse - is any physical injury to a child which is not accidental. This involves severe beating, shaking, burns, human bites, strangulation. Emotional Abuse - is when a child is not nurtured and is not provided with love and security. This involves constant criticism, belittling and persistent teasing. Sexual Abuse - is when the child is involved in any sexual activity with an adult. This involves fondling, exhibitionism, sexual intercourse, incest, pornography. Neglect - is depriving a child of their essential needs. These include nutrition, clothing, warmth and shelter, emotional security and protection, medical and dental care, hygiene, education and supervision. According to Campbell in 1999, a clinical doctor, every case of child abuse leads to permanent damage and great long-term suffering. It may also lead to psychological trauma. Caplan in 1994 defined psychological trauma as the unique individual experience of an event or enduring conditions, in which: 1.

Islamic Culture - Shari'ah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islamic Culture - Shari'ah - Essay Example As this occurs, there become boundaries that are created between the Islamic culture and those from other cultures. The more in which Islamic culture is defined without looking at the details of the neighborhoods, the more that the Shari’ah can be attacked while Islamic believers are created in one group of oppression. The Shari’ah, or the ethical standards of Islamic belief are widely accepted by the culture. However, there are also different areas of cultural acceptance that are throughout the world. The differences are based first on the segments of Muslims that are included in the religion and culture because of the generational approaches, such as children growing up in an Islamic community. This is followed by various communities that have changed according to the cultural location, specifically used to adapt to the region. The diversity of Islamic believers furthers with the sects that are a part of the Islamic religion, including most which are divided by the be liefs of Islam and the opposition which has been created to determine the value of the Shari’ah and other formations. The differences with Islamic belief are even further defined with more fundamentalist actions of individuals which interpret the writings of the religion in a different manner (Castells, 2010). The large number of differences of those in the Islamic culture is indicative of diverse thought and beliefs toward the Shari’ah as well as other actions taken in relation to the beliefs of the culture and religious identity. The differences which are associated with the Islamic community are often not recognized by others who are more distant from the religious beliefs and the cultural applications. This creates a sense of defining every individual who practices the religion or which lives in the culture as Islamic. Even though some groups are oppressed and others have various viewpoints, there is still the belief that each practices and performs the same belief s. The attack of others that are not familiar with the boundaries and divisions of Islamic belief then leads to an attack of the Shari’ah, specifically because this is the one account which every Muslim practices and lives by. The basic ethical code specifically defines the ways in which one should treat another. The attack against a specific group then indicates that the approach to treating others in the same regard is expected with the Shari’ah. This leads to expectations that the Islamic culture is expected to act or react in this specific manner. As this occurs, there is a direct affiliation with the Shari’ah being the main complexity that is associated with the community, as opposed to it belonging to the various Islamic groups (Tibi, 2010). Even though this is the specific approach that is taken with the expectations of the Islamic culture, there is a direct understanding that the actions based on oppression of specific segments or with the reactions take n against cultures are not aligned with the Shari’ah. The Shari’ah is one which focuses on the actions taken toward one’s neighbor as being important with acting in kindness and justice. This is further defined with the explanations of how to treat one fairly and with respect as well as actions which are not accepted in terms of Islamic culture and law. These various outlines toward one’s neighbor become the defining point of the Shari’ah (Hashimi, 1997). When there is a sense of a part of the Islamic commu